War + Emergency Powers A SPECIAL REPORT ON THE NATIONAL EMERGENCY IN THE UNITED STATES OF

War & Emergency Powers

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
A SPECIAL REPORT ON THE NATIONAL EMERGENCY IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

This page contains the complete text of the book titled "War and Emergency
Powers" A SPECIAL REPORT ON THE NATIONAL EMERGENCY IN THE UNITED STATES OF
AMERICA. Researched and written by: Gene Schroder, Alvin Jenkins, Jerry
Russell, Ed Petrowsky, Russell Grieder, Darrell Schroder, Walter Marston,
Lynn Bitner, Billy Schroder, Van Stafford, Fred Peters, Tinker Spain, and
Paul Bailey.

This World Wide Web version of the War and Emergency Powers Report is
sponsored by the American Freedom Coalition. To keep the size of this file
managable we have elected not to include copies of the exibits that appear
in the book however, you may obtain a full printed report that includes
certified copies of all official documents as specified.

For information on how to order books, tapes, and how to become a
supporting member of the American Freedom Coalition click here

[Image]Example Letter to the President
[Image]Example Letter to the House of Representatives
[Image]Example Letter to the United States Senate

The Report...

This report begins with a series of documents which are representative
(Exhibits 1 through 7), of the documents contained in this Report. We will
be quoting from in many cases, reports, Senate and Congressional reports,
hearings before National Emergency Committees, Presidential Papers,
Statutes at Large, and the United States Code.

Exhibit 8 is taken from a book written by Swisher called Constitutional
Development. Let's read the first paragraph. It says:

"We may well wonder in view of the precedents now established,"
said Charles E. Hughes, (Supreme Court Justice) in 1920, "whether
constitutional government as heretofore maintained in this
Republic could survive another great war even victoriously
waged."

How could that happen? Surely, if we go out and fight a war and win it,
we'd have to end up stronger than the day we started, wouldn't we? Justice
Hughes goes on to say:

"The conflict known as the World War had ended as far as military
hostilities were concerned, but was not yet officially
terminated. Most of the war statutes were still in effect, many
of the emergency organizations were still in operation."

What is this man talking about when he speaks of "war statutes in effect
and emergency organizations still in operation"?

In 1933 (Exhibit 9), Congressman Beck, speaking from the Congressional
Record, states:

"I think of all the damnable heresies that have ever been
suggested in connection with the Constitution, the doctrine of
emergency is the worst. it means that when Congress declares an
emergency, there is no Constitution. This means its death. It is
the very doctrine that the German chancellor is invoking today in
the dying hours of the parliamentary body of the German republic,
namely, that because of an emergency, it should grant to the
German chancellor absolute power to pass any law, even though the
law contradicts the Constitution of the German republic.
Chancellor Hitler is at least frank about it. We pay the
Constitution lipservice, but the result is the same."

Congressman Beck is saying that, of all the damnable heresies that ever
existed, this doctrine of emergency has got to be the worst, because once
Congress declares an emergency, there is no Constitution. He goes on to
say:

"But the Constitution of the United States, as a restraining
influence in keeping the federal government within the carefully
prescribed channels of power, is moribund, if not dead. We are
witnessing its death-agonies, for when this bill becomes a law,
if unhappily it becomes a law, there is no longer any workable
Constitution to keep the Congress within the limits of its
Constitutional powers."

What bill is Congressman Beck talking about? In 1933, "the House passed the
Farm Bill by a vote of more than three to one." Again, we see the doctrine
of emergency. Once an emergency is declared, there is no Constitution. The
cause and effect of the doctrine of emergency is the subject of this
Report. In 1973, in Senate Report 93-549 (Exhibit 10), the first sentence
reads:

"Since March the 9th, 1933, the United States has been in a state
of declared national emergency."

Let's go back to Exhibit 9 just before this. What did that say? It says
that if a national emergency is declared, there is no Constitution. Now,
let us return to Exhibit 10. Since March the 9th of 1933, the United States
has been, in fact, in a state of declared national emergency.

Referring to the middle of this exhibit:

"This vast range of powers, taken together, confer enough
authority to rule the country without reference to normal
constitutional processes. Under the powers delegated by these
statutes, the President may: seize property; organize and control
the means of production; seize commodities; assign military
forces abroad; institute martial law; seize and control all
transportation and communication; regulate the operation of
private enterprise; restrict travel; and, in a plethora of
particular ways, control the lives of all American citizens"

and this situation has continued uninterrupted since March the 9th of 1933.

In the introduction to Senate Report 93-549 (Exhibit 11):

"A majority of the people of the United States have lived all
their lives under emergency rule."

Remember, this report was produced in 1973. The introduction goes on to
say:

"For 40 years, freedoms and governmental procedures guaranteed by
the Constitution have, in varying degrees, been abridged by laws
brought into force by states of national emergency."

The introduction continues:

"And, in the United States, actions taken by the government in
times of great crisis have from, at least, the Civil War, in
important ways shaped the present phenomenon of a permanent state
of national emergency."

How many people were taught that in school? How could it possibly be that
something which could suspend our Constitution would not be taught in
school? Amazing, isn't it?

Where does this (Exhibit 12) come from? Is it possible that, in our
Constitution, there could be some section which could contemplate what
these previous documents are referring to? In Article 1, Section 9 of the
Constitution of the United States of America, we find the following words:

"The privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be
suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion, the
public Safety may require it."

Habeas Corpus - the Great Writ of Liberty. This is the writ which
guarantees that the government cannot charge us and hold us with any crime,
unless they follow the procedure of due process of law. This writ also
says, in effect, that the privilege of due process of law cannot be
suspended, and that the government cannot not operate its arbitrary
prerogative power against We the People. But we see that the great Writ of
Liberty can, in fact, under the Constitution, be suspended when an invasion
or a rebellion necessitates it.

In the 5th Amendment to the Constitution (Exhibit 13), it says:

"No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise
infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand
Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in
the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public
danger..."

We reserved the charging power for ourselves, didn't we? We didn't give
that power to the government. And we also said that the government would be
powerless to charge one of the citizens or one of the peoples of the United
States with a crime unless We, the People, through our grand jury, orders
it to do so through an indictment or a presentment. And if We, the People,
don't order it, the government cannot do it. If it tried to do it, we would
simply follow the Writ of Habeas Corpus, and they would have to release us,
wouldn't they? They could not hold us.

But let us recall that, in Exhibit 13, it says:

"except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the
Militia, when in actual service in times of War or public
danger."

We can see here that the framers of the Constitution were already
contemplating times when there would be conditions under which it might be
necessary to suspend the guarantees of the Constitution.

Also from Senate Report 93-549 (Exhibit 14), and remember that our
congressmen wrote these reports and these documents and they're talking
about these emergency powers and they say:

"They are quite careful and restrictive on the power, but the
power to suspend is specifically contemplated by the Constitution
in the Writ of Habeas Corpus."

Now, this is well known. This is not a concept that was not known to rulers
for many, many years. The concepts of constitutional dictatorship went
clear back to the Roman Republic. And there, it was determined that, in
times of dire emergencies, yes, the constitution and the rights of the
people could be suspended, temporarily, until the crisis, whatever its
nature, could be resolved.

But once it was done, the Constitution was to be returned to its peacetime
position of authority. In France, the situation under which the
constitution could be suspended is called the State of

Siege. In Great Britain, it's called the Defense of the Realm Acts. In
Germany, in which Hitler became a dictator, it was simply called Article
48.	In the United States, it is called the War Powers.

If that was, in fact, the case, and we are under a war emergency in this
country, then there should be evidence of that war emergency in the current
law that exists today. That means we should be able to go to the federal
code known as the USC or United States Code, and find that statute, that
law, in existence. And if we went to the library today and picked up a copy
of 12 USC and went to Section 95 (b) (Exhibit 15), we will find a law which
states:

"The actions, regulations, rules, licenses, orders and
proclamations heretofore or hereafter taken, promulgated, made,
or issued by the President of the United States or the Secretary
of the Treasury since March the 4th, 1933, pursuant to the
authority conferred by Subsection (b) of Section 5 of the Act of
October 6th, 1917, as amended [12 USCS Sec. 95a], are hereby
approved and confirmed. (Mar. 9, 1933, c. 1, Title I, Sec. 1, 48
Stat. 1.)".

Now, what does this mean? It means that everything the President or the
Secretary of the Treasury has done since March the 4th of 1933, or anything
that the President or the Secretary of the Treasury is hereafter going to
do, is automatically approved and confirmed. Referring back to Exhibit 10,
let us remember that, according to the Congressional Record of 1973, the
United States has been in a state of national emergency since 1933. Then we
realize that 12 USC, Section 95 (b) is current law. This is the law that
exists over this United States this moment.

If that be the case, let us see if we can understand what is being said
here. As every action, rule or law put into effect by the President or the
Secretary of the Treasury since March the 4th of 1933 has or will be
confirmed and approved, let us determine the significance of that date in
history. What happened on March the 4th of 1933?

On March the 4th of 1933, Franklin Delano Roosevelt was inaugurated as
President of the United States. Referring to his inaugural address, which
was given at a time when the country was in the throes of the Great
Depression, we read (Exhibit 16):

"I am prepared under my constitutional duty to recommend the
measures that a stricken nation in the midst of a stricken world
may require. These measures, or such other measures as the
Congress may build out of its experience and wisdom, I shall
seek, within my constitutional authority, to bring to speedy
adoption. But in the event that the Congress shall fall to take
one of these two courses, and in the event that the national
emergency is still critical, I shall not evade the clear course
of duty that will then confront me. I shall ask the Congress for
the one remaining instrument to meet the crisis broad Executive
power to wage a war against the emergency, as great as the power
that would be given to me if we were in fact invaded by a foreign
foe."

On March the 4th, 1933, at his inaugural, President Roosevelt was saying
that he was going to ask Congress for the extraordinary authority available
to him under the War Powers Act. Let's see if he got it.

On March the 5th, President Roosevelt asked for a special and extraordinary
session of Congress in Proclamation 2038. He called for the special session
of Congress to meet on March the 9th at noon. And at that Congress, he
presented a bill, an Act, to provide for relief in the existing national
emergency in banking and for other purposes.

In the enabling portion of that Act (Exhibit 17), it states:

"Be it enacted by the Senate and the House of Representatives of
the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the
Congress hereby declares that a serious emergency exists and that
it is imperatively necessary speedily to put into effect remedies
of uniform national application."

What is the concept of the rule of necessity, referred to in the enabling
portion of the Act as "imperatively necessary speedily"? The rule of
necessity is a rule of law which states that necessity knows no law. A good
example of the rule of necessity would be the concept of self-defense. The
law says, "Thou shalt not kill". But also know that, if you are in dire
danger, in danger of losing your life, then you have the absolute right of
self-defense. You have the right to kill to protect your own life. That is
the ultimate rule of necessity.

Thus we see that the rule of necessity overrides all other law, and, in
fact, allows one to do that which would normally be against the law. So it
is reasonable to assume that the wording of the enabling portion of the Act
of March 9, 1933, is an indication that what follows is something which
will probably be against the law. It will probably be against the
Constitution of the United States, or it would not require that the rule of
necessity be invoked to enact it.

In the Act of March 9, 1933 (Exhibit 17), it further states in Title 1,
Section 1:

"The actions, regulations, rules, licenses, orders and
proclamations heretofore or hereafter taken, promulgated, made,
or issued by the President of the United States or the Secretary
of the Treasury since March the 4th, 1933, pursuant to the
authority conferred by subdivision (b) of Section 5 of the Act of
October 6, 1917, as amended, are hereby approved and confirmed."

Where have we read those words before?

This is the exact same wording as is found (Exhibit 15) today in Title 12,
USC 95 (b). The language in Title 12, USC 95 (b) is exactly the same as
that found in the Act of March 9, 1933, Chapter 1, Title 1, Section 48,
Statute 1. The Act of March 9, 1933, is still in full force and effect
today. We are still under the Rule of Necessity. We are still in a declared
state of national emergency, a state of emergency which has existed,
uninterrupted, since 1933, or for over sixty years.

As you may remember, the authority to do this is conferred by Subsection
(b)	of Section 5 of the Act of October 6, 1917, as amended. What was the
authority which was used to declare and enact the emergency in this Act? If
we look at the Act of October 6, 1917 (Exhibit 18), we see that at the top
right-hand part of the page, it states that this was:

"An Act To define, regulate, and punish trading with the enemy,
and for other purposes."

By the year 1917, the United States was involved in World War 1; at that
point, it was recognized that there were probably enemies of the United
States, or alhes of enemies of the United States, living within the
continental borders of our nation in a time of war.

Therefore, Congress passed this Act which identified who could be declared
enemies of the United States, and, in this Act, we gave the government
total authority over those enemies to do with as it saw fit. We also see,
however, in Section 2, Subdivision (c) in the middle, and again at the
bottom of the page:

"other than citizens of the United States."

The Act specifically excluded citizens of the United States, because we
realized in 1917 that the citizens of the United States were not enemies.
Thus, we were excluded from the war powers over enemies in this Act.

Section 5 (b) of the same Act (Exhibit 19), states:

"That the President may investigate, regulate, or prohibit, under
such rules and regulations as he may prescribe, by means of
licenses or otherwise, any transactions in foreign exchange,
export or earmarkings of gold or silver coin or bullion or
currency, transfers of credit in any form (other than credits
relating solely to transactions to be executed wholly within the
United States)".

Again, we see here that citizens, and the transactions of citizens made
wholly within the United States, were specifically excluded from the war
powers of this Act. "We the People", were not enemies of our country;
therefore, the government did not have total authority over us as they were
given over our enemies.

It is important to draw attention again to the fact that citizens of the
United States in October, 1917, were not called enemies. Consequently the
government, under the war powers of this Act, did not have authority over
us; we were still protected by the Constitution. Granted, over enemies of
this nation, the government was empowered to do anything it deemed
necessary, but not over us. The distinction made between enemies of the
United States and citizens of the United States will become crucial later
on.

In Section 2 of the Act of March 9, 1933 (Exhibit 17),

"Subdivision (b) of Section 5 of the Act of October 6, 1917 (40
Stat. L. 411), as amended, is hereby amended to read as follows;"

So we see that they are now going to amend Section 5 (b). Now let's see how
it reads after it's amended. The amended version of Section 5 (b) reads
(emphasis added):

"During time of war or during any other period of national
emergency declared by the President, the President may, through
any agency that be may designate, or otherwise, investigate,
regulate, or prohibit, under such rules and regulations as be may
prescribe, by means of licenses or otherwise, any transactions in
foreign exchange, transfers of credit between or payments by
banking institutions as defined by the President and export,
hoarding, melting, or earmarkings of gold or silver coin or
bullion or currency, by any person within the United States or
anyplace subject to the jurisdiction thereof".

What just happened? At as far as commercial, monetary or business
transactions were concerned, the people of the United States were no longer
differentiated from any other enemy of the United States. We had lost that
crucial distinction. Comparing Exhibit 17 with Exhibit 19, we can see that
the phrase which excluded transactions executed wholly within the United
States has been removed from the amended version of Section 5 (b) of the
Act of March 9, 1933, Section 2, and replaced with "by any person within
the United States or anyplace subject to the jurisdiction thereof'. All
monetary transactions, whether domestic or international in scope, were now
placed at the whim of the President of the United States through the
authority given to him by the Trading with the Enemy Act.

To summarize this critical point: On October the 6th of 1917, at the
beginning of America's involvement in World War 1, Congress passed a
Trading with the Enemy Act empowering the government to take control over
any and all commercial, monetary or business transactions conducted by
enemies or allies of enemies within our continental borders. That Act also
defined the term "enemy" and excluded from that definition citizens of the
United States.

In Section 5 (b) of this Act, we see that the President was given unlimited
authority to control the commercial transactions of defined enemies, but we
see that credits relating solely to transactions executed wholly within the
United States were excluded from that controlling authority. As
transactions wholly domestic in nature were excluded from authority, the
government had no extraordinary control over the daily business conducted
by the citizens of the United States, because we were certainly not
enemies.

Citizens of the United States were not enemies of their country in 1917,
and the transactions conducted by citizens within this country were not
considered to be enemy transactions. But in looking again at Section 2 of
the Act of March 9, 1933, (Exhibit 17), we can see that the phrase
excluding wholly domestic transactions has been removed from the amended
version and replaced with "by any person within the United States or
anyplace subject to the jurisdiction thereof'.

The people of the United States were now subject to the power of the
Trading with the Enemy Act of October 6,1917, as amended. For the purposes
of all commercial, monetary, and, in effect, all business transactions. "We
the People", became the same as the enemy, and were treated no differently.
There was no longer any distinction.

It is important here to note that, in the Acts of October 6, 1917 and March
9, 1933, it states: "during times of war or during any other national
emergency declared by the President..". So we now see that the war powers
not only included a period of war, but also a period of "national
emergency" as defined by the President of the United States. When either of
these two situations occur, the President may, (Exhibit 17)

"through any agency that he may designate, or otherwise,
investigate, regulate or prohibit under such rules and
regulations as he may prescribe by means of licenses or
otherwise, any transactions in foreign exchange, transfers of
credit between or payments by banking institutions as defined by
the President and export, boarding, melting or earmarking of gold
or silver coin or bullion or currency by any person within the
United States or anyplace subject to the jurisdiction thereof."

What can the President do now to the We, the People, under this Section? He
can do anything he wants to do. It's purely at his discretion, and he can
use any agency or any license that he desires to control it. This is called
a constitutional dictatorship.

In Senate Document 93-549 (Exhibit 20), Congress declared that a serious
emergency exists, at:

"48 Stat. 1. The exclusion of domestic transactions, formerly
found in the Act, was deleted from Sect. 5 (b) at this time."

Our Congress wrote that in the year 1973.

Now let's find out about the Trading with the Enemy Act of October 6, 1917.
Quoting from a Supreme Court decision (Exhibit 21), Stoehr v. Wallace,
1921:

"The Trading With the Enemy Act, originally and as amended, is
strictly a war measure, and finds its sanction in the provision
empowering Congress "to declare war, grant letters of marque and
reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water"
Const. Art. 1, Sect. 8, c1. 11. P.241".

Remember your Constitution? "Congress shall have the power to declare war,
grant letters of marque and reprisal and make all rules concerning the
captures on the land and the water of the enemies," all rules.

If that be the case, let us look at the memorandum of law that now covers
trading with the enemy, the "Memorandum of American Cases and Recent
English Cases on The Law of Trading With the Enemy" (Exhibit 22),
remembering that we are now the same as the enemy. In this memorandum, we
read:

"Every species of intercourse with the enemy is illegal. This
prohibition is not limited to mere commercial intercourse."

This is the case of The Rapid (1814).

Additionally,

"No contract is considered as valid between enemies, at least so
far as to give them a remedy in the courts of either government,
and they have, in the language of the civil law, no ability to
sustain a persona standi in judicio".

In other words, they have no personal lights at law in court. This is the
case of The Julia (1813).

In the next case, the case of The Sally (1814) (Exhibit 23), we read the
words:

"By the general law of prize, property engaged in an illegal
intercourse with the enemy is deemed enemy property. It is of no
consequence whether it belong to an ally or to a citizen; the
illegal traffic stamps it with the hostile character, and
attaches to it all the penal consequences of enemy ownership".

Reading further in the memorandum, again from the case of The Rapid:

"The law of prize is part of the law of nations. In it, a hostile
character is attached to trade, independently of the character of
the trader who pursues or directs it. Condemnation to the use of
the captor is equally the fate of the property of the belligerent
and of the property found engaged in anti-neutral trade. But a
citizen or an ally may be engaged in a hostile trade, and thereby
involve his property in the fate of those in whose cause he
embarks".

Again from the memorandum (Exhibit 24):

"The produce of the soil of the hostile territory, as well as
other property engaged in the commerce of the hostile power, as
the source of its wealth and strength, are always regarded as
legitimate prize, without regard to the domicile of the owner".

From the case (Exhibit 25) of The William Bagaley (1866):

"In general, during war, contracts with, or powers of attorney or
agency from, the enemy executed after outbreak of war are illegal
and void; contracts entered into with the enemy prior to the war
are either suspended or are absolutely terminated; partnerships
with an enemy are dissolved; powers of attorney from the enemy,
with certain exceptions, lapse; payments to the enemy (except to
agents in the United States appointed prior to the war and
confirmed since the war) are illegal and void; all rights of an
enemy to sue in the courts are suspended."

From Senate Report No. 113 (Exhibit 26), in which we find An Act to Define,
Regulate, and Punish Trading with the Enemy, and For Other Purposes, we
read:

"The trade or commerce regulated or prohibited is defined in
Subsections (a), (b), (c), (d) and (e), page 4. This trade covers
almost every imaginable transaction, and is forbidden and made
unlawful except when allowed under the form of licenses issued by
the Secretary of Commerce (p. 4, sec. 3, line 18). This
authorization of trading under licenses constitutes the principal
modification of the rule of international law forbidding trade
between the citizens of belligerents, for the power to grant such
licenses, and therefore exemption from the operation of law, is
given by the bill."

It says no trade can be conducted or no intercourse can be conducted
without a license, because, by mere definition of the enemy, and under the
prize law, all intercourse is illegal.

That was the first case we looked at, Exhibit 22, wasn't it? So once we
were declared enemies, all intercourse became illegal for us. The only way
we could now do business or any type of legal intercourse was to obtain
permission from our government by means of a license. We are certainly
required to have a Social Security Card, which is a license to work, and a
Drivers License, which gives the government the ability to restrict travel;
all business in which we engage ourselves requires us to have a license,
does it not?

Returning once again to the Memorandum of Law: (Exhibit 27)

"But it is necessary always to bear in mind that a war cannot be
carried on without hurting somebody, even, at times, our own
citizens. The public good, however, must prevail over private
gain. As we said in Bishop v. Jones (28 Texas, 294), there cannot
be "a war for arms and a peace for commerce". One of the most
important features of the bill is that which provides for the
temporary taking over of the enemy property."

This point of law is important to keep in mind, for it authorizes the
temporary takeover of enemy property. The question is: Once the war
terminates, the property must be returned, mustn't it?

The property that is confiscated, and the belligerent night of the
government during the period of war, must be returned when the war
terminates. Let us take the case of a ship in harbor; war breaks out, and
the Admiral says, "I'm seizing your ship." Can you stop him? No. But when
the war is over, the Admiral must return your ship to you. This point is
important to bear in mind, for we will return to, and expand upon, it later
in the report.

Reading from (Exhibit 28) Senate Document No. 43, "Contracts Payable in
Gold" written in 1933:

"The ultimate ownership of all property is in the State;
individual so-called "ownership" is only by virtue of government,
i.	e., law, amounting to mere user; and use must be in accordance
with law and subordinate to the necessities of the State."

Who owns all the property? Who owns the property you call "yours"? Who has
the authority to mortgage property? Let us continue with a Supreme Court
decision, (Exhibit 29) United States v. Russell:

"Private property, the Constitution provides, shall not be taken
for public use without just compensation..."

That is the peacetime clause, isn't it? Further (emphasis added),

"Extraordinary and unforeseen occasions arise, however, beyond
all doubt, in cases of extreme necessity in time of war or of
immediate and impending public danger, in which private property
may be impressed into the public service, or may be seized or
appropriated to public use, or may even be destroyed without the
consent of the owner..."

This quote, and indeed this case, provides a vivid frustration of the
potential power of the government.

Now, let us return to the period of time after March 4, 1933, and take a
close look at what really occurred. On March 4, 1933, in his inaugural
address, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt asked for the authority of the
war powers, and called a special session of Congress for the purpose of
having those powers conferred to him.

On March the 2nd, 1933, however, we find that Herbert Hoover had written a
letter to the Federal Reserve Board of New York, asking them for
recommendations for action based on the over-all situation at the time. The
Federal Reserve Board responded with a resolution (Exhibit 30) which they
had adopted, an excerpt from which follows:

"Resolution Adopted By The Federal Reserve Board Of New York.
Whereas, in the opinion of the Board of Directors of the Federal
Reserve Bank of New York, the continued and increasing withdrawal
of currency and gold from the banks of the country has now
created a national emergency ..."

In order to fully appreciate the significance of this last quote, we must
recall that, in 1913, The Federal Reserve Act was passed, authorizing the
creation of a central bank, the thought of which had already been noted in
the Constitution. The basic idea of the central bank was, among other
things, for it to act as a secure repository for the gold of the people.
We, the People, would bring our gold to the huge, strong vaults of the
Federal Reserve, and we would be issued a note which said, in effect, that,
at any time we desired, we could bring that note back to the bank and be
given back our gold which we had deposited.

Until 1933, that agreement, that contract between the Federal Reserve and
its depositors, was honored. Federal Reserve notes, prior to 1933, were
indeed redeemable in gold. After 1933, the situation changed drastically.
In 1933, during the depths of the Depression, at the time when We, the
People, were struggling to stay alive and keep our families fed, the
bankers began to say: "People are coming in now, wanting their gold,
wanting us to honor this contract we have made with them to give them their
gold on demand, and this contractual obligation is creating a national
emergency."

How could that happen? Reading from the Public Papers of Herbert Hoover
(Exhibit 31):

"Now, Therefore, Be It Resolved, that, in this emergency, the
Federal Reserve Board is hereby requested to urge the President
of the United States to declare a bank holiday, Saturday, March
4, and Monday, March 6.

In other words, President Roosevelt was urged to close down the banking
system and make it unavailable make it unavailable for a short period of
time. What was to happen during that period of time?

Reading again from the Federal Reserve Board resolution (Exhibit 31), we
find a proposal for an executive order, to be worded as follows:

"Whereas, it is provided in Section 5 (b) of the Act of October
6, 1917, as amended, that "the President may investigate,
regulate, or prohibit, under such rules and regulations as he may
prescribe, by means of licenses or otherwise, any transactions in
foreign exchange and the export, hoarding, melting, or
earmarkings of gold or silver coin or bullion or currency, *** "

Now, in any normal usage of the American language, the standard accepted
meaning of a series of three asterisks after a quotation means that what
follows also must be quoted exactly, doesn't it? If it's not, that's a
fraudulent use of the American language. At that point where that, *** "
began, what did the original Act of October 6, 1917, say?

Referring back to Exhibit 19, we find that the remainder of Section 5 (b)
of the Act of October 6, 1917 says:

"(other than credits relating solely to transactions to be
executed wholly within the United States)."

This portion of Section 5 (b) specifically prohibited the government from
taking control of We, the People's money and transactions, didn't it?

However, let us now read the remainder of Section 5 (b) of the Act of
October 6, 1917, as amended on March 9, 1933 (Exhibit 17):

"by any person within the United States or any place subject to
the Jurisdiction thereof."

Comparing the original with the amended version of Section 5 (b), we can
see the full significance of the amended version, wherein the exclusion of
domestic transactions from the powers of the Act was deleted, and "any
person" became subject to the extraordinary powers conferred by the Act.
Further, we can now see that the usage of *** " was, in all to likelihood,
meant be deliberately misleading, if not fraudulent in nature.

Further, in the next section of the Federal Reserve Board's proposal, we
find that anyone violating any provision of this Act will be fined not more
than $10,000.00, or imprisoned for not more than ten years, or both. A
severe enough penalty at any time, but one made all the more harsh by the
economic conditions in which most Americans found themselves at the time.
And where were these alterations and amendments to be found? Not from the
government itself, initially; no, they are first to be found in a proposal
from the Federal Reserve Board of New York, a banking institution.

Let us recall the chronology of events: Herbert Hoover, in his last days as
President of the United States, asked for a recommendation from the Federal
Reserve Board of New York, and they responded with their proposals. We see
that President Hoover did not act on the recommendation, and believed the
actions were "neither justified nor necessary" (Appendix, Public Papers of
Herbert Hoover, p. 1088) . Let us see what happened; remember on March 4,
1933, Franklin Delano Roosevelt was inaugurated as President of the United
States. On March 5, 1933, President Roosevelt called for an extraordinary
session of Congress to be held on March 9,1933, as can be seen in Exhibit
32:

"Whereas, public interests require that the Congress of the
United States should be convened in extra session at twelve
o'clock, noon, on the Ninth day of March, 1933, to receive such
communication as may be made by the Executive."

On the next day, March 6, 1933, President Roosevelt issued Proclamation
2039, which has been included in this report, starting at the bottom of
Exhibit 32. In Exhibit 32, we find the following:

>"Whereas there have been heavy and unwarranted withdrawals of gold and
currency from our banking institutions for the purpose of hoarding"

Right at the beginning, we have a problem. And the problem rests in the
question of who should be the judge of whether or not my gold, on deposit
at the Federal Reserve, with which I have a contract which says, in effect,
that I may withdraw my gold at my discretion, is being withdrawn by me in
an "unwarranted" manner. Remember, the people of the United States were in
dire economic straits at this point. If I had gold at the Federal Reserve,
I would consider withdrawing as much of my gold as I needed for my family
and myself a "warranted" action. But the decision was not left up to We,
the People.

It is also important to note that it is stated that the gold is being
withdrawn for the purpose of "hoarding". The significance of this phrase
becomes clearer when we reach Proclamation 2039, wherein the term
"hoarding" is inserted into the amended version of Section 5(b). The term,
"hoarding", was not to be found in the original version of Section 5(b) of
the Act of October 6, 1917. It was a term which was used by President
Roosevelt to help support his contention that the United States was in the
middle of a national emergency, and his assertion that the extraordinary
powers conferred to him by the War Powers Act were needed to deal with that
emergency.

Let us now go on to the middle of Proclamation 2039, at the top of the next
page, Exhibit 33. In reading from Exhibit 33, we find the following:

"Whereas, it is provided in Section 5 (b) of the Act of October
6, 1917, (40 Stat. L. 411) as amended, " that the President may
investigate, regulate, or prohibit, under such rules and
regulations as he may prescribe, by means of licenses or
otherwise, any transaction in foreign exchange and the export,
hoarding, melting, or earmarkings of gold or silver coin or
bullion or currency * * * "

exactly as was first proposed by the Federal Reserve Board of New York
(Exhibit 31).

If we return to 48 Statute 1 (Exhibit 17), Title 1, Section 1, we find that
the amended Section 5 (b) with its added phrase:

"by any person within the United States or any place subject to
the jurisdiction thereof".

Is this becoming clearer as to exactly what happened? On March 5, 1933,
President Roosevelt called for an extra session of Congress, and on March
6, 1933, issued Proclamation 2039 (Exhibits 32-33). On March 9th, Roosevelt
issued Proclamation 2040. We looked at Proclamation 2039 on Exhibits 32 and
33, and now, on Exhibit 33 (a), let's see what Roosevelt is hiking about in
Proclamation 2040:

"Whereas, on March 6, 1933, I, Franklin D. Roosevelt, President
of the United States of America, by Proclamation declared the
existence of a national emergency and proclaimed a bank
holiday... "

We see that Roosevelt declared a national emergency and a bank holiday.
Let's read on:

"Whereas, under the Act of March 9, 1933, all Proclamations
heretofore or hereafter issued by the President pursuant to the
authority conferred by section 5 (b) of the Act of October 6,
1917, as amended, are approved and confirmed;"

This section of the Proclamation clearly states that all proclamations
heretofore or hereafter issued by the President are approved and confirmed,
citing the authority of Section 5 (b). The key words here being "all" and
"approved". Further:

"Whereas, said national emergency still continues, and it is
necessary to take further measures extending beyond March 9,
1933, in order to accomplish such purposes"

We again clearly see that there is more to come, evidenced by the phrase,
"further measures extending beyond March 9, 1933 ...". Could this be the
beginning of a new deal? Possibly a one-sided deal. How long can this type
of action continue? Let's find out.

"Now, therefore, I, Franklin D. Roosevelt, President of the
United States of America, in view of such continuing national
emergency and by virtue of the authority vested in me by Section
5 (b) of the Act of October 6, 1917 (40 Stat. L. 411) as amended
by the Act of March 9, 1933, do hereby proclaim, order, direct
and declare that all the terms and provisions of said
Proclamation of March 6, 1933, and the regulations and orders
issued thereunder are hereby continued in full force and effect
until further proclamation by the President."

We now understand that the Proclamation 2039, of March 6, 1933 and
Proclamation 2040 of March 9, 1933, will continue until such time as
another proclamation is made by "the President". Note that the term "the
President" is not specific to President Roosevelt; it is a generic term
which can equally apply to any President from Roosevelt to the present, and
beyond.

So here we have President Roosevelt declaring a national emergency (we are
now beginning to realize the full significance of those words) and closing
the national banks for two days, by Executive Order. Further, he states
that the Proclamations bringing about these actions will continue "in full
force and effect" until such time as the President, and only the President,
changes the situation.

It is important to note the fact that these Proclamations were made on
March 6, 1933, three days before Congress was due to convene its extra
session. Yet references are made to such things as the amended Section 5
(b), which had not yet even been confirmed by Congress. President Roosevelt
must have been supremely confident of Congress' confirmation of his
actions. And indeed, we find that confidence was justified. For on March 9,
1933, without individual Congressmen even having the opportunity to read
for themselves the bill they were to confirm, Congress did indeed approve
the amendment of Section 5 (b) of the Act of October 6, 1917.

Referring to the Public Papers of Herbert Hoover (Exhibit 34):

"That those speculators and insiders were right was plain enough
later on. This first contract of the 'moneychangers' with the New
Deal netted those who removed their money from the country a
profit of up to 60 percent when the dollar was debased."

Where had our gold gone? Our gold had already been moved offshore. The gold
was not in the banks, and when We, the People lined up at the door
attempting to have our contracts honored, the deception was exposed. What
happened then? The laws were changed to prevent us from asking again, and
the military was brought in to protect the Federal Reserve. We, the People,
were declared to be, the same as public enemy and placed under military
authority.

Going now to another section of 48 Statute 1 (Exhibit 35):

"Whenever in the judgment of the Secretary of the Treasury, such
action is necessary to protect the currency system of the United
States, the Secretary of the Treasury, in his discretion, may
require any or all individuals, partnerships, associations and
corporations to pay and deliver to the Treasurer of the United
States any or all gold coin, gold bullion, and gold certificates
owned by such individuals, partnerships, associations and
corporations."

By this Statute, everyone was required to turn in their gold. Failure to do
so would constitute a violation of this provision, such violation to be
punishable by a fine of not more than $10,000.00 and imprisonment for not
more than ten years. It was a seizure. Whose property may be seized without
due process of law under the Trading With the Enemy Act? The enemy's. Whose
gold was seized? Ours - the gold of the people of the United States.

From the Roosevelt Papers (Exhibit 36):

"During this banking holiday it was at first believed that some
form of scrip or emergency currency would be necessary for the
conduct of ordinary business. We knew that it would be essential
when the banks reopened to have an adequate supply of currency to
meet all possible demands of depositors. Consideration was given
by government officials and various government officials and
various local agencies to the advisability of issuing
clearinghouse certificates or some similar form of local
emergency currency. On March 7, 1933, the Secretary of the
Treasury issued a regulation authorizing clearing houses to issue
demand certificates against sound assets of the banking
institutions, but this authority was not to become effective
until March 10th. In many cities, the printing of these
certificates was actually begun, but after the passage of the
Emergency Banking Act of March 9, 1933 (48 Stat. 1), it became
evident that they would not be needed, because the Act made
possible the issue of the necessary amount of emergency currency
in the form of Federal Reserve banknotes which could be based on
any sound assets owned by banks."

Roosevelt could now issue emergency currency under the Act of March 9, 1933
and this currency was to be called Federal Reserve bank notes. From Title 4
of the Act of March 9, 1933 (Exhibit 37):

"Upon the deposit with the Treasurer of the United States, (a) of
any direct obligations of the United States or (b) of any notes,
drafts, bills of exchange, or bankers' acceptances acquired under
the provisions of this Act, any Federal reserve bank making such
deposit in the manner prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury
shall be entitled to receive from the Comptroller of the currency
circulating notes in blank, duly registered and countersigned."

What is this saying? It says (emphasis added): "Upon the deposit with the
Treasurer of the United States, (a) of any direct obligation of the United
States ..." What is a direct obligation of the United States? It's a
treasury note, which is an obligation upon whom? Upon "We the People" to
perform. It's a taxpayer obligation, isn't it?

Title 4 goes on: "or (b) of my notes, drafts, bills of exchange or bankers'
acceptances..." What's a note? If you go to the bank and sign a note on
your home, that's a note, isn't it? A note is a private obligation upon We,
the People. And if the Federal Reserve Bank deposits either (a) public
and/or (b) private obligation of We, the People, with the Treasury, the
Comptroller of the currency will issue this circulating note endorsed in
blank, duly registered and countersigned, an emergency currency based on
the (a) public and/or (b) private obligations of the people of the United
States.

In the Congressional Record of March 9, 1933 (Exhibit 38), we find evidence
that our congressmen didn't even have individual copies of the bill to
read, on which they were about to vote. A copy of the bill was passed
around for approximately 40 minutes.

Congressman McFadden made the comment,

"Mr. Speaker, I regret that the membership of the House has had
no opportunity to consider or even read this bill. The first
opportunity I had to know what this legislation is, was when it
was read from the clerk's desk. It is an important banking bill.
It is a dictatorship over finance in the United States. It is
complete control over the banking system in the United States ...
It is difficult under the circumstances to discuss this bill. The
first section of the bill, as I grasped it, is practically the
war powers that were given back in 1917."

Congressman McFadden later says,

"I would like to ask the chairman of the committee if this is a
plan to change the holding of the security back of the Federal
Reserve notes to the Treasury of the United States rather than
the Federal Reserve agent."

Keep in mind, here, that, prior to 1933, the Federal Reserve bank held our
gold as security, in return for Federal Reserve gold notes which we could
redeem at any time we wanted. Now, however, Congressman McFadden is asking
if this proposed bill is a plan to change who's going to hold the security,
from the Federal Reserve to the Treasury.

Chairman Steagall's response to Congressman McFadden's question, again from
the Congressional Record:

"This provision is for the issuance of Federal Reserve bank
notes; and not for Federal Reserve notes; and the security back
of it is the obligations, notes, drafts, bills of exchange, bank
acceptances, outlined in the section to which the gentleman has
referred."

We were backed by gold, and our gold was seized, wasn't it? We were
penniless, and now our money would be secured, not by gold, but by notes
and obligations on which We, the People, were the collateral security.

Congressman McFadden then questioned,

"Then the new circulation is to be Federal Reserve bank notes and
not Federal Reserve notes. Is that true?"

Mr. Steagall replied,

"Insofar as the provisions of this section are concerned, yes."

Does that sound familiar?

Next we hear from Congressman Britten, as noted in the Congressional Record
(Exhibit 39):

"From my observations of the bill as it was read to the House, it
would appear that the amount of bank notes that might be issued
by the Federal Reserve System is not limited. That will depend
entirely upon the amount of collateral that is presented from
time to time for exchange for bank notes. Is that not correct?"

Who is the collateral? We are chattel, aren't we? We have no rights. Our
rights were suspended along with the Constitution. We became chattel
property to the corporate government, our transactions and obligations the
collateral for the issuance of Federal Reserve bank notes.

Congressman Patman, speaking from the Congressional Record (Exhibit 40):

"The money will be worth l00 cents on the dollar because it is
backed by the credit of the Nation. It will represent a mortgage
on all the homes and other property of all the people in the
Nation."

It now is no wonder that credit became so available after the Depression.
It was needed to back our monetary system. Our debts, our obligations, our
homes, our jobs... we were now slaves for the system.

From Statutes at Large, in the Congressional Record (Exhibit 41):

"When required to do so by the Secretary of the Treasury, each
Federal Reserve agent shall act as agent of the Treasurer of the
United States or of the Comptroller of the currency, or both, for
the performance of any functions which the Treasurer or the
Comptroller may be called upon to perform in carrying out the
provisions of this paragraph."

The Federal Reserve was taken over by the Treasury. The Treasury holds the
assets. We are the collateral... ourselves and our property.

To summarize briefly: On March 9, 1933 the American people in all their
domestic, daily, and commercial transactions became the same as the enemy.
The President of the United States, through licenses or any other form, was
given the power to regulate and control the actions of enemies. He made We,
the People, chattel property; he seized our gold, our property and our
rights; and he suspended the Constitution. And we know that current law, to
this day, says that all proclamations issued heretofore or hereafter by the
President or the Secretary of the Treasury are approved and confirmed by
Congress. Pretty broad, sweeping approval to be automatic, wouldn't you
agree?

On March 11, 1933, President Roosevelt, in his first radio "Fireside Chat"
(Exhibit 42), makes the following statement:

"The Secretary of the Treasury will issue licenses to banks which
are members of the Federal Reserve system, whether national bank
or state, located in each of the 12 Federal Reserve bank cities,
to open Monday morning."

It was by this action that the Treasury took over the banking system.

Black's Law Dictionary defines the Bank Holiday of 1933 (Exhibit 42a) in
the following words:

"Presidential Proclamations No. 2039, issued March 6, 1933, and
No. 2040, issued March 9, 1933, temporarily suspended banking
transactions by member banks of the Federal Reserve System.
Normal banking functions were resumed on March 13, subject to
certain restrictions. The first proclamation, it was held, had no
authority in law until the passage on March 9, 1933, of a
ratifying act (12 U.S.C.A. Sect. 95b). Anthony v. Bank of
Wiggins, 183 Miss. 883, 184 So. 626. The present law forbids
member banks of the Federal Reserve System to transact banking
business, except under regulations of the Secretary of the
Treasury, during an emergency proclaimed by the President. 12 U.
S.	C. A. Sect. 95"

Take special note of the last sentence of this definition, especially the
phrase, "present law". The fact that banks are under regulation of the
Treasury today, is evidence that the state of emergency still exists, by
virtue of the definition. Not that, at this point, we need any more
evidence to prove we are still in a declared state of national emergency.

From the Agricultural Adjustment Act of May 12, 1933 (Exhibit 43):

"To issue licenses permitting processors, associations of
producers and others to engage in the handling, in the current of
interstate or foreign commerce, of any agricultural commodity or
product thereof."

This is the seizure of the agricultural industry by means of licensing
authority.

In the first hundred days of the reign of Franklin Delano Roosevelt,
similar seizures by licensing authority were successfully completed by the
government over a plethora of other industries, among them transportation,
communications, public utilities, securities, oil, labor, and all natural
resources. The first hundred days of FDR saw the nationalization of the
United States, its people and its assets. What has Bill Clinton talked
about during his campaign and early presidency? His first hundred days.

Now, we know that they took over all contracts, for we have already read in
Exhibit 22:

"No contract is considered as valid as between enemies, at least
so far as to give them a remedy in the courts of law of either
government, and they have, in the language of civil law, no
ability to sustain a persona standi in judicio."

They have no personal nights at law. Therefore, we should expect that we
would see in the statutes a time when the contract between the, Federal
Reserve and We, the People, in which the Federal Reserve had to give us our
gold on demand, was made null and void.

Referring to House Joint Resolution 192 (June 5, 1933) (Exhibit 44):

"That (a) every provision contained in or made with respect to
any obligation which purports to give the obligee a right to
require payment in gold or a particular- kind of coin or
currency, or in an amount of money of the United States measured
thereby is declared to be against public policy; and no such
policy shall be contained in or made with respect to any
obligation hereafter incurred."

Indeed, our contract with the Federal Reserve was invalidated at the end of
Roosevelt's hundred days. We lost our night to require our gold back from
the bank in which we had deposited it.

Returning once again to the Roosevelt Papers (Exhibit 45):

"This conference of fifty farm leaders met on March 10, 1933.
They agreed on recommendations for a bill, which were presented
to me at the White House on March llth by a committee of the
conference, who requested me to call upon the Congress for the
same broad powers to meet the emergency in agriculture as I had
requested for solving the bank crisis."

What was the "broad powers"? That was the War Powers, wasn't it? And now we
see the farm leaders asking President Roosevelt to use the same War Powers
to take control of the agricultural industry. Well, needless to say, he
did. We should wonder about all that took place at this conference, for it
to result in the eventual acquiescence of farm leadership to the
governmental takeover of their livelihoods.

Reading from the Agricultural Adjustment Act, May the 12th, Declaration of
Emergency (Exhibit 46):

"That the present acute economic emergency being in part the
consequence of a severe and increasing disparity between the
prices of agriculture and other commodities, which disparity bas
largely destroyed the purchasing power of farmers for industrial
products, has broken down the orderly exchange of commodities,
and bas seriously impaired the agricultural assets supporting the
national credit structure, it is hereby declared that these
conditions in the basic industry of agriculture have affected
transactions in agricultural commodities with a national public
interest, have burdened and obstructed the normal currents of
commerce in such commodities and rendered imperative the
immediate enactment of Title 1 of this Act."

Now here we see that he is saying that the agricultural assets support the
national credit structure. Did he take the titles of all the land? Remember
Contracts Payable in Gold? President Roosevelt needed the support, and
agriculture was critical, because of all the millions of acres of farmland
at that time, and the value of that farmland. The mortgage on that farmland
was what supported the emergency credit. So President Roosevelt had to do
something to stabilize the price of land and Federal Reserve Bank notes to
create money, didn't he? So he impressed agriculture into the public
interest. The farming industry was nationalized.

Continuing with the Agricultural Adjustment Act, Declaration of Emergency
(Exhibit 47):

"It is hereby declared to the public policy of Congress ..."

Referring now back to Prize Cases (1862) (2 Black, 674) (Exhibit 24):

"But in defining the meaning of the term 'enemies' property,' we
will be led into error if we refer to Fleta or Lord Coke for
their definition of the word, 'enemy'. It is a technical phrase
peculiar to prize courts, and depends upon principles of public
policy as distinguished from the common law."

Once the emergency is declared, the common law is abolished, the
Constitution is abolished and we fall under the absolute will of
Government, public policy.

All the government needs to continue is to have public opinion on their
side. If public opinion can be kept, in sufficient degree, on the side of
the government, statutes, laws and bills can continue to be passed. The
Constitution has no meaning. The Constitution is suspended. It has been for
60 years. We're not under law. Law has been abolished.

We're under a system of public policy, (War Powers).

So when you go into that courtroom with your Constitution and the common
law in your hand, what does that judge tell you? He tells you that you have
no persona standi in judicio. You have no personal standing at law. He
tells you not to bother bringing the Constitution into his court, because
it is not a Constitutional court, but an executive tribunal operating under
a totally different jurisdiction.

From Section 93-549 (Exhibit 48) (emphasis added):

"Under this procedure we retain Government by law, special,
temporary law, perhaps, but law nonetheless. The public may know
the extent and the limitations of the powers that can be
asserted, and the persons affected may be informed by the statute
of their rights and their duties."

If you have any rights, the only reason you have them is because they have
been statutorily declared, and your duties well spelled out, and if you
violate the orders of those statutes, you will be charged, not with a
crime, but with an offense.

Again from 93-549, from the words of Mr. Katzenbach (Exhibit 49):

"My recollection is that almost every executive order ever issued
straddles on several grounds, but it almost always includes the
Trading With the Enemy Act because the language of that act Is so
broad, it would 'justify almost anything."

Speaking on the subject of a challenge to the Act by the people, Justice
Clark then says,

"Most difficult from a standpoint of standing to sue. The Court,
you might say, has enlarged the standing rule in favor of the
litigant. But I don't think it bas reached the point, presently,
that would permit many such cases to be litigated to the merits."

Senator Church then made the comment:

"What you're saying, then, is that if Congress doesn't act to
standardize, restrict, or eliminate the emergency powers, that no
one else is very likely to get a standing in court to contest."

No persona standi n judicio, - no personal standing in the courts.

Continuing with Senate Report 93-549 (Exhibit 50):

"The interesting aspect of the legislation lies in the fact that
it created a permanent agency designed to eradicate an emergency
condition in the sphere of agriculture."

These agencies, of which there are now thousands, and which now control
every aspect of our lives, were ostensibly created as temporary agencies
meant to last only as long as the national emergency. They have become, in
fact, permanent agencies, as has the state of national emergency itself. As
Franklin Delano Roosevelt said: "We will never go back to the old order."
That quote takes on a different meaning in light of what we have seen so
far.

In Exhibit 51, Senate Report 93-549, we find a quote from Senator Church:

I>"If the President can create crimes by fiat and without
congressional approval, our system is not much different from
that of the Communists, which allegedly threatens our existence."

We see on this same document, at the bottom right-hand side of the page, as
a Title, the words,

"Enormous Scope of Powers... A Time Bomb".

Remember, this is Congress' own document, from the year 1973.

Most people might not look to agriculture to provide them with this type of
information. But let us look at Title III of the Agricultural Adjustment
Act, which is also called the Emergency Farm Mortgage Act of 1933 (Exhibit
52):

"Title III - Financing - And Exercising Power Conferred by
Section 8 of Article I of the Constitution: To Coin Money And To
Regulate the Value Thereof."

From Section 43 of Exhibit 52:

"Whenever the President finds upon investigation that the foreign
commerce of the United States is adversely affected ... and an
expansion of credit is necessary to secure by international
agreement a stabilization at proper levels of the currencies of
various governments, the President is authorized, in his
discretion ... To direct the Secretary of the Treasury to enter
into agreements with the several Federal Reserve banks..."

Remember that in the Constitution it states that Congress has the authority
to coin all money and regulate the value thereof. How can it be then that
the Executive branch is issuing an emergency currency, and quoting the
Constitution as its authority to do so?

Under Section 1 of the same Act (Exhibit 53) we find the following:

"To direct the Secretary of the treasury to cause to be issued in
such amount or amounts as he may from time to time order, United
States notes, as provided in the Act entitled "An Act to
authorize the issue of United States notes and for the redemption
of funding thereof and for funding the floating debt of the
United States, approved February 25, 1862, and Acts supplementary
thereto and amendatory thereof"

What is the Act of February 25, 1862? It is the Greenback Act of President
Abraham Lincoln. Let us remember that, when Abraham Lincoln was elected and
inaugurated, he didn't even have a Congress for the first six weeks. He did
not, however, call an extra session of Congress. He issued money, he
declared war, he suspended habeas corpus, it was an absolute Constitutional
dictatorship.

There was not even a Congress in session for six weeks.

When Lincoln's Congress came into session six weeks later, they entered the
following statement into the Congressional record: "The actions, rules,
regulations, licenses, heretofore or hereafter taken, are hereby approved
and confirmed..." This is the exact language of March 9, 1933 and Title 12,
USC, Section 95(b), today.

We now come to the question of how to terminate these extraordinary powers
granted under a declaration of national emergency. We have learned that, in
order for the extraordinary powers to be terminated, the national emergency
itself must be canceled. Reading from the Agricultural Act, Section 13
(Exhibit 54):

"This title shall cease to be in effect whenever the President
finds and proclaims that the national economic emergency in
relation to agriculture has been ended."

Whenever the President finds by proclamation that the proclamation issued
on March 6, 1933 has terminated, it has to terminate through presidential
proclamation just as it came into effect. Congress had already delegated
all of that authority, and therefore was in no position to take it back.

In Senate Report 93-549, we find the following statement from Congress
(Exhibit 55):

"Furthermore, it would be largely futile task unless we have the
President's active collaboration. Having delegated this authority
to the President in ways that permit him to determine how long it
shall continue, simply through the device of keeping emergency
declarations alive - we now find ourselves in a position where we
cannot reclaim the power without the President's acquiescence. We
are unable to terminate these declarations without the
President's signature, so we need a large measure of Presidential
cooperation".

It appears that no President has been willing to give up this extraordinary
power, and, if they will not sign the termination proclamation, the access
to, and usage of, extraordinary powers does not terminate. At least, it has
not terminated for over 60 years.

Now, that's no definite indication that a President from Bill Clinton on
might not eventually sign the termination proclamation, but 60 years of
experience would lead one to doubt that day will ever come by itself But
the question now to ask is this: How many times have We, the People, asked
the President to terminate his access to extraordinary powers, or the
situation on which it is based, the declared national emergency? Who has
ever demanded that this be done? How many of us even knew that it had been
done? And, without the knowledge contained in this report, how long do you
think the blindness of the American public to this situation would have
continued, and with it the abolishment of the Constitution? But we're not
quite as in the dark as we were, are we?

In Senate Report 93-549 (Exhibit 56), we find the following statement from
Senator Church:

"These powers, if exercised, would confer upon the President
total authority to do anything he pleased."

Elsewhere in Senate Report 93-549, Senator Church makes the remarkable
statement (Exhibit 57):

"Like a loaded gun laying around the house, the plethora of
delegated authority and institutions to meet almost every kind of
conceivable crisis stand ready for use for purposes other than
their original intention ... Machiavelli, in his "Discourses of
Livy," acknowledged that great power may have to be given to the
Executive if the State is to survive, but warned of great dangers
in doing so. He cautioned: Nor is it sufficient if this power be
conferred upon good men; for men are frail, and easily corrupted,
and then in a short time, he that is absolute may easily corrupt
the people."

Now, a quote from an exclusive reply (Exhibit 58) written May 21, 1973, by
the Attorney General of the United States regarding studies undertaken by
the Justice Department on the question of the termination of the standing
national emergency:

"As a consequence, a "national emergency" is now a practical
necessity in order to carry out what bas become the regular and
normal method of governmental actions. What were intended by
Congress as delegations of power to be used only in the most
extreme situations, and for the most limited duration's, have
become everyday powers, and a state of "emergency" has become a
permanent condition."

From United States v. Butler (Supreme Court, 1935) (Exhibit 59):

"A tax, in the general understanding and in the strict
Constitutional sense, is an exaction for the support of
government; the term does not connote the expropriation of money
from one group to be expended for another, as a necessary means
in a plan of regulation, such as the plan for regulating
agricultural production set up in the Agricultural Adjustment
Act."

What is being said here is that a tax can only be an exaction for the
support of government, not for an expropriation from one group for the use
of another. That would be socialism, wouldn't it?

Quoting further from United States v. Butler (Exhibit 60):

"The regulation of farmer's activities under the statute, though
in form subject to his own will, is in fact coercion through
economic pressure; his right of choice is illusory. Even if a
farmer's consent were purely voluntary, the Act would stand no
better. At best it is a scheme for purchasing with federal funds
submission to federal regulation of a subject reserved to the
states."

Speaking of contracts, those contracts are coercion contracts. They are
adhesion contracts made by a superior over an inferior. They are under the
belligerent capacity of government over enemies. They are not valid
contracts.

Again from United States v. Butler (Exhibit 61):

"If the novel view of the General Welfare Clause now advanced in
support of the tax were accepted, this clause would not only
enable Congress to supplant the states in the regulation of
agriculture and all other industries as well, but would furnish
the means whereby all of the other provisions of the
Constitution, sedulously framed to define and limit the powers of
the United States and preserve the powers of the states, could be
broken down, the independence of the individual states
obliterated, and the United States converted into a central
government exercising uncontrolled police power throughout the
union superseding all local control over local concerns."

Please, read the above paragraph again. The understanding of its meaning is
vital.

The United States Supreme Court ruled the New Deal, the nationalization,
unconstitutional in the Agricultural Adjustment Act and they turned it down
flat. The Supreme Court declared it to be unconstitutional. They said, in
effect, "You're turning the federal government into an uncontrolled police
state, exercising uncontrolled police power." What did Roosevelt do next?
He stacked the Supreme Court, didn't he? And in 1937, United States v.
Butler was overturned.

From the 65th Congress, 1st Session Doc. 87, under the section entitled
Constitutional Sources of Laws of War, Page 7, Clause II, we find (Exhibit
62):

"The existence of war and the restoration of peace are to be
determined by the political department of the government, and
such determination is binding and conclusive upon the courts, and
deprives the courts of the power of hearing proof and determining
as a question of fact either that war exists or has ceased to
exist."

The courts will tell you that is a political question, for they (the
courts) do not have jurisdiction over the common law.

The courts were deprived of the Constitution. They were deprived of the
common law. There are now courts of prize over the enemies, and we have no
persona standi in judicio. We have no personal standing under the law. Also
from the 65th Congress, under the section entitled Constitutional Sources
of Laws of War, we find (Exhibit 63):

"When the sovereign authority shall choose to bring it into
operation, the judicial department must give effect to its will.
But until that will shall be expressed, no power of condemnation
can exist in the court."

From Senate Report 93-549 (Exhibit 64):

"Just how effective a limitation on crisis action this makes of
the court is hard to say. In light of the recent war, the court
today would seem to be a fairly harmless observer of the
emergency activities of the President and Congress. It is highly
unlikely that the separation of powers and the 10th Amendment
will be called upon again to hamstring the efforts of the
government to deal resolutely with a serious national emergency."

So much for our Constitutional system of checks and balances. And from that
same Senate Report, in the section entitled, "Emergency Administration", a
continuation of Exhibit 64:

"Organizationally, in dealing with the depression, it was
Roosevelt's general policy to assign new, emergency functions to
newly created agencies, rather than to already existing
departments."

Thus, thousands of "temporary" emergency agencies, are now sitting out
there with emergency functions to rule us in all cases whatsoever.

Finally, let us look briefly at the courts, specifically with regard to the
question of "booty". The following definition of the term, "prize" is to be
found in Bouvier's Law Dictionary (Exhibit 65):

"Goods taken on land from a public enemy are called booty; and
the distinction between a prize and booty consists in this, that
the former is taken at sea and the latter on land."

This significance of the distinction between these two terms is critical, a
fact which will become quite clear shortly.

Let us now remember that "Congress shall have the power to make rules on
all captures on the land and the water." To reiterate, captures on the land
are booty, and captures on the water are prize.

Now, the Constitution says that Congress shall have the power to provide
and maintain a navy, even during peacetime. It also says that Congress
shall have the power to raise and support an army, but no appropriations of
money for that purpose shall be for greater than two years. Here we can see
that an army is not a permanent standing body, because, in times of peace,
armies were held by the sovereign states as militia. So the United States
had a navy during peacetime, but no standing army; we had instead the
individual state militias.

Consequently, the federal government had a standing prize court, due to the
fact that it had a standing navy, whether in times of peace or war. But in
times of peace, there could be no federal police power over the continental
United States, because there was to be no army.

From the report "The Law of Civil Government in Territory Subject to
Military Occupation by Military Forces of the United States", published by
order of the Secretary of War in 1902, under the heading entitled The
Confiscation of Private Property of Enemies in War (Exhibit 66), comes the
following quote:

"4. Should the President desire to utilize the services of the
Federal courts of the United States in promoting this purpose or
military undertaking, since these courts derive their
jurisdiction from Congress and do not constitute a part of the
military establishment, they must secure from Congress the
necessary action to confer such jurisdiction upon said courts."

This means that, if the government is going to confiscate property within
the continental United States on the land (booty), it must obtain statutory
authority.

In this same section (Exhibit 66), we find the following words:

"5. The laws and usage's of war make a distinction between
enemies' property captured on the sea and property captured on
land. The jurisdiction of the courts of the United States over
property captured at sea is held not to attach to property
captured on land in the absence of Congressional action."

There is no standing prize court over the land. Once war is declared,
Congress must give jurisdiction to particular courts over captures on the
land by positive Congressional action. To continue with (Exhibit 66):

"The right of confiscation is a sovereign right. In times of
peace, the exercise of this right is limited and controlled by
the domestic Constitution and institutions of the government. In
times of war, when the right is exercised against enemies'
property as a war measure, such right becomes a belligerent
right, and as such is not subject to the restrictions imposed by
domestic institutions, but is regulated and controlled by the
laws and usage's of war."

So we see that our government can operate in two capacities: (a) in its
sovereign peacetime capacity, with the limitations placed upon it by the
Constitution and restrictions placed upon it by We, the People, or (b) in a
wartime capacity, where it may operate in its belligerent capacity governed
not by the Constitution, but only by the laws of war.

In Section 17 of the Act of October 6, 1917, the Trading With the Enemy Act
(Exhibit 67):

"That the district courts of the United States are hereby given
jurisdiction to make and enter all such rules as to notice and
otherwise; and all such orders and decrees; and to issue such
process as may be necessary and proper in the premises to enforce
the provisions of this Act."

Here we have Congress conferring upon the district courts of the United
States the booty jurisdiction, the jurisdiction over enemy property within
the continental United States. And at the time of the original, unamended,
Trading with the Enemy Act, we were indeed at war, a World war, and so
booty jurisdiction over enemies' property in the courts was appropriate. At
that time, remember, we were not yet declared the enemy. We were excluded
from the provisions of the original Act.

In 1934 Congress passed an Act merging equity and law abolishing common
law. This Act, known as the Federal Rules of Civil Procedures Act, was not
to come into effect until 6 months after the letter of transmittal from the
Supreme Court to Congress. The Supreme Court refused transmittal and the
transmittal did not occur until Franklin D. Roosevelt stacked the Supreme
Court in 1938 (Exhibits 67(a) and (b)).

But on March the 9th of 1933, the American people were declared to be the
public enemy under the amended version of the Trading With the Enemy Act.
What jurisdiction were We, the People, then placed under? We were now the
booty jurisdiction given to the district courts by Congress.

It was no longer be necessary, or of any value at all, to bring the
Constitution of the United States with us upon entering a courtroom, for
that court was no longer a court of common law, but a tribunal under
wartime booty jurisdiction. Take a look at the American flag in most
American courtrooms. The gold fringe around our flag designates Admiralty
jurisdiction.

Executive Order No. 11677 issued by President Richard M. Nixon August 1,
1972 (Exhibit 68) states:

"Continuing the Regulation of Exports; By virtue of the authority
vested in the President by the Constitution and statutes of the
United States, including Section 5 (b) of the Act of October 6,
1917, as amended (12 U. S. C. 95a), and in view of the continued
existence of the national emergencies..."

Later, in the same Executive Order (Exhibit 69), we find the following:

"...under the authority vested in me as President of the United
States by Section 5(b) of the Act of October 6, 1917, as amended
(12 U. S. C. 95a)..."

Section 5(b) certainly seems to be an one-sided support for Presidential
authority, doesn't it? Surely the reason for this can be found by referring
back to Exhibit 49, the words of Mr. Katzenbach in Senate Report 93-549:

"My recollection is that almost every executive order ever issued
straddles on several grounds, but it almost always includes the
Trading With the Enemy Act because the language of that act is so
broad, it would justify almost anything."

The question here, and it should be a question of grave concern to every
American, is what type of acts can "almost anything" cover? What has been,
and is being, done, by our government under the cloak of authority
conferred by Section 5(b) ? By now, I think we are beginning to know.

Has the termination of the national emergency ever been considered? In
Public Law 94412, September 14, 1976 (Exhibit 70), we find that Congress
had finally finished their exhaustive study on the national emergencies,
and the words of their findings were that they would terminate the existing
national emergencies. We should be able to heave a sigh of relief at this
decision, for with the termination of the national emergencies will come
the corresponding termination of extraordinary Presidential power, won't
it? But yet we have learned two difficult lessons: that we are still in the
national emergency, and that power, once grasped, is difficult to let go.
And so now it should come as no surprise when we read, in the last section
of the Act, Section 502 (Exhibit 71), the following words:

"(a): The provisions of this Act shall not apply to the following
provisions of law, the powers and authorities conferred thereby
and actions taken thereunder (1) Section 5(b) of the Act of
October 6,1917, as amended (12 U. S. C. 95a; 50 U. S. C. App.
5b)"

The bleak reality is, the situation has not changed at all.

The alarming situation in which We, the People, find ourselves today causes
us to think back to a time over two hundred years ago in our nation's
history when our forefathers were also laboring under the burden of
governmental usurpation of individual rights. Their response, written in
1774, two years before the signing of the Declaration of Independence, to
the attempts of Great Britain to retain extraordinary powers it had held
during a time of war became known as the "Declaration of Rights" (Exhibit
72). And in that document, we find these words:

"Whereas, since the close of the last war, the British
Parliament, claiming a power of right to bind the people of
America, by statute, in all cases whatsoever, hath in some acts
expressly imposed taxes on them. and in others, under various
pretenses, but in fact for the purpose of raising a revenue, hath
imposed rates and duties payable in these colonies established a
board of commissioners, with unconstitutional powers, and
extended the jurisdiction of the courts of admiralty, not only
for collecting the said duties, but for the trial of causes
merely arising within the body of a county."

We can see now that we have come full circle to the situation which existed
in 1774, but with one crucial difference. In 1774, Americans were
protesting against a colonial power which sought to bind and control its
colony by wartime powers in a time of peace. In 1994, it is our own
government which has sought, successfully to date, to bind its own people
by the same subtle, insidious method.

Article 3, Section 3, of our Constitution states:

"Treason against the United States, shall consist only in levying
War against them, or in adhering to their Enemies, giving them
aid and comfort. No Person shall be convicted of Treason unless
on the Testimony of two Witnesses to the same overt Act, or on
Confession in open Court."

Is the Act of March 9, 1933, treason? That would be for the common law
courts to decide. At this point in our nation's history, the point is moot,
for common law, and indeed the Constitution itself, do not operate or exist
at present. Whether governmental acts of theft of the nation's money, the
citizens' property, and American liberty as an ideal and a reality which
have occurred since 1933 is treason against the people of the United
States, as the term is defined by the Constitution of the United States
cannot even be determined or argued in the legal sense until the
Constitution itself is reestablished. For our part, however, we firmly
believe that, "by their fruits ye shall know them", and on that authority
we rest our case.

CONCLUSION As you have just witnessed, the United States of America
continues to exist in a governmentally ordained state of national
emergency. Under such a state of emergency, our Constitution has been set
aside, ostensibly for the public good, until the emergency is canceled.

But, as experience painfully shows, it has not been to the public's good
that our government has used its unrestricted power, unhampered by the
Constitution's restraining force. The governmental edicts and actions over
the past six decades have led us to the desperate state in which we find
ourselves today. Besieged on every side, corroding from within, frightened
and in despair, we as a nation are being torn asunder.

There is, a national emergency today, one of life and death proportions,
but it is not the emergency used by our government to continue its abuse of
power. It is this very abuse, this unbridled rape of the American spirit,
that is the crux of the emergency we are in today. But this true emergency
cannot be cured by setting aside the Constitution; no, it can only be
controlled by returning to the laws of God and Country which have been
stolen from us by those in whom we placed our trust to protect the national
interest.

We are a nation whose government is based upon those immortal words, "a
government of the people, by the people, for the people". One has only to
walk down the highways and byways of this great land to know all too well
that this is not a government of the people or for the people. Actions
speak louder than words, and the actions taken over the past decades have
resulted in an unparalleled decline of American economic and political
power, and a weakening of American values and spirit.

This is not a crisis in which the taking up of arms is the answer. No, this
is a situation in which we firmly believe that the pen will be mightier
than the sword. That a state of emergency exists cannot be disputed. That
the emergency is one which should concern every American alive cannot be
denied. That we must stand together, laying aside our individual
differences, to fight the common foe, is of vital importance, for the time
to act is now. But this is not a battle of swords, but of knowledge, for
only when the deception is exposed to the light of day can the healing
process begin.

Truth stands tall in the light of day, and it is the truth we bring to you
today. Let it be known and understood that it is our intention to make this
information available to every concerned American who desires to know the
true State of the Union. This is an undertaking of immense proportions, but
we have dedicated ourselves to bringing this information to the light of
day, and with the help of "We, the People", we will be successful in our
efforts.

Every American who is thankful for the opportunity to call themselves
American must also accept the responsibility that comes with that title. We
the People have not only a right, but a responsibility to each other and to
those who have gone before us to learn what our government is doing, and to
judge whether actions taken benefit the people who will bear the costs. We
have been in the dark long enough, content to rest on our past glories and
let the government take its course. In a way, we have been like children,
trusting in our parents to act in our best interest. But as we have too
frequently seen in the nightly news, not all parents have their children's
best interest at heart.

The time has come for us to take off our blinders and accept reality, for
the time of national reckoning has arrived. The majority of our elected and
appointed officials are no more responsible for the current state of
affairs than are we. The strings are being manipulated at far higher levels
than the positions most officials occupy. They are working with little
knowledge or authority, trying to control problems far bigger than even
they realize. Their programs and actions may seek to cure the symptoms, but
the time has now come to attack the disease. They are no more guilty than
we are, nor will they be any more protected when the nation collapses on us
all.

If we blame them for this national emergency, we must also truly blame
ourselves, for it is "We, the People" to whom this nation was given and
whose duty it was to keep a watchful eye on those who direct the sails of
the ship of state. We have, however, fallen asleep, and while we were
dreaming the American dream, a band of pirates stole the Constitution and
put our people into slavery.

And since that terrible day when our Constitution was cast aside, not one
President or Congress, nor one Supreme Court justice has been able or
willing to return it to its rightful owners. Given the current state of the
union, there is no reason to expect this situation to change unless we
ourselves cause it to be so.

Let us put the childish emotions of pity and self-deception away, stand up,
stand together and fight back. Now is the time to stop dreaming, and start
the long work before us. Now is the time to turn back to the principles and
ideals on which this nation was founded, the strong foundation from which
our national identity springs.

When does tolerance become anarchy? When does protection become slavery?
When is enough enough? Now is when - here and now.

Now is the time to return to the laws set forth by God, and throw off these
chains of ignorance and bondage which grip our nation to the point of
death. Let us return to the source, the standard of excellence set for us
long ago. Our message to Congress and all elected and appointed officials
must be, "Let my people go!", for we are all laboring under a system which
will eventually crush us, regardless of our religion, our sex, or the color
of our skin.

We must let those at all levels of governmental authority know that we have
learned of the deception which lies at the core of our national malaise. We
must tell them in no uncertain terms that we will tolerate this great lie
no longer, and we must put them on notice that we expect them to resign if
they have not the courage and the resolve to help this nation in its hour
of need.

We have been fools long enough. No matter how long after the date you read
this report, start each and every week without fail to give a copy of this
information to at least one person you know. We also ask you to write a
letter to Congress telling them to "Let our People go", or you can use the
form letter you will find enclosed in the report.

We must let our elected officials know that we expect them as servants of
the people to help us reestablish law and order and restore our national
pride. They must, repeal proclamation 2039, 2040, and Title 12 USC 95(a)
and 95(b), thereby canceling the National Emergency, and reestablish the
Constitution of this nation.

Now is the time for excellence of action. We demand it and will accept
nothing less. This is our country, to protect and defend, no matter the
cost. To do nothing out of fear or apathy is exactly what those in power
are hoping for, for it is ignorance and apathy that the darkness likes
best. We must not be a party to the darkness enveloping our nation any
longer. We must come into the light, and give our every drop of blood,
sweat and tears to bring our nation back with us.

We must acknowledge that if we do nothing, if we are not willing to act now
and act boldly, without fear but with faith and a firm resolve, our freedom
to act, at all may soon be taken away altogether. New bills, new laws are
being presented dally which will effectively serve to tighten the chains of
bondage already encircling this nation.

My friends, we are not going into slavery, we are already there. Make no
mistake those in power are already tightening the chains, but they are
doing so slowly, quietly and with great caution, for fear of awakening the
slumbering lion which is the voice of the American people. There is yet
still time for us to slip loose the chains which bind us, and for us to
bring about the restoration of this nation.

If we act, if we make our concerns known and shout out our refusal to
accept the future which has been planned for us by those who hold no
allegiance to this great land of ours, we can yet demand and see come to
pass the day when the state of emergency is canceled and the Constitution
is restored to her rightful place as the watchdog of those for whom
absolute power corrupts absolutely. If we repent of our ignorance and our
apathy, and return to the God-given laws on which this nation was founded,
we may yet be free.

We will continue to hold meetings and offer this information until everyone
in America has had an opportunity to hear it and we have set our nation
free. We will not tolerate less. We are Americans and that means far more
than most of us realize.

If it first it seems you are working alone, do not give up, for as this
information spreads across the land to the great cities and small towns,
you will find yourself in excellent company. You already are as only one,
for behind you stand all the heroes of our history who fought and died to
keep this nation free.

Again, we must stress that we are not asking you to pick up guns; in fact,
we implore you not to, no matter how angry the news of this deception has
made you. Turn your anger into a steely resolve, a fierce determination not
to give up until the battle has been won. We are not asking you for lots of
money; that's their game, the "almighty dollar". It is the substitution of
wealth and possessions for integrity and honor that helped get us into this
true state of emergency in which we find ourselves now. We are not asking
you for more time than you can give, although we do ask you to give what
time you can to get this information out.

What we ask from you is your commitment to stand with those around you to
help us restore this nation to her rightful place in history, both that
written and that yet to be told. Abraham Lincoln once said, "We the People
are the rightful masters of both Congress and the Courts - not to overthrow
the Constitution, but to overthrow the men who pervert the Constitution".
We must stand together now in this, our national hour of need. As the
United States Supreme Court once said, "It is not the function of our
government to keep the citizen from falling into error; it is the function
of the citizen to keep the government from falling into error".

Each individual, their attitudes and actions, forges their own special link
in the great chain of history. Now is the time to add to that precious
inheritance of honor and duty which has kept America alive because the
choices we make and the actions we take today are a part of history as well
as our future.

The vision for America has not died; the "land of the free and the home of
the brave" still exists. There is still time to turn the tide for this
great land, but we must join together to make it happen. We have a debt of
honor to the past and the future, a call to glory to rescue out homeland
from the hands of those who would see her fall. We cannot, we must not
fail.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example Letter to the President

Date:

Your Name
Address
City, State, Zip

President Clinton
1600 Pennsylvania Ave.
Washington, D.C. 20510

Sir:

I am an American citizen who is aware of the extraordinary powers conferred
upon you by the declared state of "national emergency" under which America
has labored for over sixty years. These powers, available to the Executive
branch since March of 1933, have effectively placed the American people in
slavery, by nationalizing the vital industries of this nation and removing
the common law from our court system.

I understand that, because of this ongoing "national emergency", the
Constitution of the United States has been effectively set aside. I remind
you now of the oath you took upon entering the office which you now occupy
by permission of the American people. When you took your oath of office,
you swore that you would uphold the Constitution of the United States.

I charge you now to carry out the duties and actions of your oath of
office, and return the Constitution to its rightful place in our government
by canceling the state of national emergency. I urge you to repeal
Proclamations 2039 and 2040, and the amended version of the Trading with
the Enemy Act of October 6, 1917, especially Section 5 (b), under which so
many actions injurious to the spirit and livelihood of the American people
have been taken. If you are unwilling or unable to take these steps toward
restoring America to the Constitutional republic she was designed to be, I
urge you to resign from your position as a servant of the American people.

I will continue to urge our government to correct this situation until such
time as you have canceled the state of national emergency, and returned the
Constitution of the United States to its rightful owners - We, the People.

Sincerely,

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example Letter to the House of Representatives

Date:

Your Name
Address
City, State, Zip

The Honorable
United States House of Representatives
2449 Rayburn Building
Washington, D.C. 20510

Dear Sir (or Madam):

I am taking advantage of my American freedom, while I still have it, to
urge you to stand up for the American people, and make it your position
that the declared state of national emergency which has operated in this
great nation for over sixty years be canceled immediately.

I have been apprised of the amendment to Section 5(b) of the Trading with
the Enemy Act of October 6, 1917, and understand the extraordinary powers
it has conferred upon the Executive branch of our government. These
excessive powers have been used to sell our nation into slavery, by
effectively nationalizing our vital industries and separating the American
citizen from their nights under common law.

I know that the Constitution of this United States has been set aside under
this "national emergency". I urge you now, as a servant of the American
people, to commit yourself to working for its immediate return to its
rightful owners - We, the People. If you are unwilling or unable to take
this stand in defense of your country, I request that you tender you
resignation so that another may take your place who is willing and/or able
to do what you are not.

The Supreme Court once said, "It is not the function of our government to
keep the citizen from falling into error; it is the function of the citizen
to keep our government from falling into error". As such, I hereby charge
you to repeal Proclamations 2039 and 2040, and 12 USC 95 (a) and (b),
reestablish the Constitution of the United States to its rightful position
in our government, and Let My People Go.

Sincerely,

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example Letter to the United States Senate

Date:

Your Name
Address
City, State, Zip

The Honorable
United States Senate
703 Hart, Senate Bldg.
Washington, D.C. 20510

Dear Sir (or Madam):

I am taking advantage of my American freedom, while I still have it, to
urge you to stand up for the American people, and make it your position
that the declared state of national emergency which has operated in this
great nation for over sixty years be canceled immediately.

I have been apprised of the amendment to Section 5 (b) of the Trading with
the Enemy Act of October 6, 1917, and understand the extraordinary powers
it has conferred upon the Executive branch of our government. These
excessive powers have been used to sell our nation into slavery, by
effectively nationalizing our vital industries and separating the American
citizen from their rights under common law.

I know that the Constitution of the United States has been set aside under
this "national emergency". I urge you now, as a servant of the American
people, to commit yourself to working for its immediate return to its
rightful owners - We, the People. If you are unwilling ' or unable to take
this stand in defense of your country, I request that you tender your
resignation so that another may take your place who is willing and/or able
to do what you are not.

The Supreme Court once said, "It is not the function of our government to
keep the citizen from falling into error; it is the function of the citizen
to keep our government from falling into error". As such, I hereby charge
you to repeal Proclamations 2039 and 2040, and 12 USC 95 (a) and (b),
reestablish the Constitution of the United States to its rightful position
in our government, and Let My People Go.

Sincerely,

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Created 1/17/95 by American Freedom Communications.
Last revised 3/21/95 jvail@metronet.com
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
[Image] Return To American Freedom Coalition Home Page