BRAINWASHED by Duane T. Gish, Ph.D. (Duane T. Gish, Ph.D. (Biochemistry, University of Cal

                                  BRAINWASHED
                            by Duane T. Gish, Ph.D.

(Duane T. Gish, Ph.D. (Biochemistry, University of California, Berkeley) 
is Associate Director of the Institute of Creation Research and 
Professor of Natural Science and Apologetics at Christian Heritage 
College, San Diego, California.  He spent 18 years in biochemical and 
biomedical research with the Upjohn Company and at Cornell University and 
Berkeley. There are over 450 scientists with a master's or 
doctor's degree in some field of natural science are now voting 
members of the Creation Research Society.
     The following lecture was given at the University of California at 
Davis and has been greatly condensed for the sake of space.

     As a scientist, I believe we must examine all the evidence and 
facts before we can come to any conclusion on any given subject. I'm 
asking only one thing of this audience... that you examine the 
facts thoroughly and without prejudice.
     The refusal by science teachers to consider creation as a possible 
explanation for the origin of all things, is unwarranted and 
undesirable. The student is being indoctrinated without being given a 
complete presentation of the evidence.
     This situation could be remedied by taking a closer look at both 
creation and evolution.
     First, let's examine the claims of each.  The EVOLUTIONIST states 
that all life gradually evolved from a single cell, which had evolved from 
dead matter.
     CREATIONISTS believe that life and our existence came by the acts of 
a Creator.
     The evidence that the EVOLUTIONIST needs to establish his 
claims, is fossils showing a gradual step-by-step development of lower 
animal life into more and more complex forms.
     And this should be evident by the presence in the fossil record of 
many transitional forms. 
     The evidence needed to support CREATION, is fossils showing complex 
life appearing suddenly...with no fossil evidence of lower animals 
developing into new and complex forms of life. 
     Now, lets look at the actual fossil evidence. The earliest fossils 
to be found are in the Cambrian rock strata. And the billions of fossils 
found there are all of highly complex forms of life with no evidence of 
these complex forms gradually developing from a simple form of 
life.
     According to evolutionists it would have required 1.5 billion years 
for these animals to have evolved. Not a single, indisputable 
multicellular fossil has been found anywhere in the world in a rock 
supposedly older that Cambrian rocks. Billions of highly complex 
animals...trilobites, brachiopods, corals, worms, jellyfish, etc...just 
suddenly appear, with no signs of gradual development from lower forms.
     Also, throughout the remainder of the fossil record there is a 
remarkable absences of the many transitional forms demanded by the 
theory of evolution.
     There are hundreds of thousands of missing links between 
invertebrates and vertebrates. The sea squirt is presumed to be the 
ancestry of the vertebrate.  According to evolutionists it 
would have taken 100 million years for fish to have evolved from an 
invertebrate. But there is absolutely no fossil evidence showing that this 
took place.
     Again, the evolutionists claims that it took perhaps 50 million years 
for a fish to evolve into an amphibian.  But again, there are no 
transitional forms. For example...not a single fossil with part fins...part 
feet has ever been found.
     And this is true between every major plant and animal kind.  All 
higher categories of living things, such as complex invertebrates, 
fishes, amphibians, reptiles, flying reptiles, birds, bats, primates and 
man, appear abruptly.
     Let me quote some comments by LEADING EVOLUTIONISTS. 
     Charles Darwin admitted that "As by this theory innumerable 
transitional forms must have existed, who do we not find them embedded in 
countless numbers in the the crust of the earth? The number of intermediate 
kinds, between all living and extinct species, must have been inconceivably 
great."
     Prof. George Gaylord Simpson of Harvard University hs said, "Gaps 
among known orders, classes and phyla are systematic and almost always 
large."
     Prof. E.J.H. Corner of Cambridge University has stated, "I still 
think, to the unprejudiced, the fossil record of plants is in favor of 
special creation."
     There is no evidence of even one species changing into another. As the 
late Prof. R. Goldschmidt of the University of California observed,"It 
is good to keep in mind... that nobody has ever succeeded in 
producing even one new species by the accumulation of micromutations".
     If evolution is true, why don't we see living stages of evolution 
today? SHouldn't new organs and new structure still be appearing today? 
Surely if evolutionary processes had truly existed in the past they would 
still be operating today.  
     The fossil of the bird(Archaeopteryx) is claimed by 
some to be a link between birds and reptiles. But there was a world of 
difference between reptiles and Archaeopteryx. It had wings, 
feathers...and it flew! The fact that it had claws on its wings does not 
prove that it had a reptilian ancestry. There are two birds living 
today that possess claws!
     All palenontologists (those who study fossils) now acknowledge that 
Archaeopteryx was a true bird. 
     The alleged horse series was created more out of imagination than 
from fossil evidence. The fossils for this series are not found in the 
proper time sequence as indicated by the evolutionists, and the major 
types appear abruptly, without transitions.
     And there is an interesting discrepancy in the skeletal 
development of this series. 
     Eohippus had 18 pairs of Ribs.
     Orohippus had only 15 pairs.
     Then Pliohippus jumped to 19
     Equus Scotti is back to 18.
     Darwin cited the giraffe as an outstanding example of natural 
selection. Supposedly, as a result of extended droughts, the supply of 
green leaves could be obtained only at the tops of the trees, and 
therefore the shorter necked giraffe died off. And the giraffes which grew 
longer necks survived.
     However, there is no evidence whatever in the fossil record or 
elsewhere that giraffes with short necks have ever existed. And what 
would have happened to young giraffes with relatively short necks?
     Darwin failed to realize that body characteristics in offspring are 
determined and programmed by DNA factors of the Genes or the Genetic 
material of the parents, and not by the stretching of the neck or any 
other bodily exercise.
     The cover of the journal, Science, December 9, 1966, shows a 
photograph of a bat fossil that is alleged to be over 50 million years 
old. This is said to be the oldest fossil bat, but it is the same as a 
modern bat! Why isn't there any evidence of change after 50 million 
years?
     It might be will now to look at the "evidence" which anthropologists 
have assembled, in an attempt to reconstruct the evolution of man. 
     Some consider Ramapithecus to have been homiid (a man-like ape), 
and this judgement has been made solely on the basis of a few fragments 
of the jaw. That's all the fossil fragments they have.
     Dr. Jolley has recently reported that a species of baboon in Ethiopia 
has the same dental and jaw characteristics as Ramapithecus. 
These characteristics are therefore not those of man! Other 
anthropologists have agreed that Ramapitecus was simply an ape.
     The first find of Australopithecines was by Dart in 
1924. He pointed out many ape-like features of the skull, but he 
believed the teeth to be manlike. Its brain was only about 1/3 as large as 
that of modern man. It was only about 4 feet tall.
     Recently, Richard Leakey, the son of Dr. Leakey. published evidence 
that indicated that the Australopithecines were long-armed, 
short-legged knucklewalkers, similar to living African apes. These 
creatures were nothing but apes!
     In China, during the 1920's, fragments of skulls, jaws, and teeth, 
were found in a limestone cliff near Peking. However, during World War II 
all the original bones were lost.
     All of these creatures had been killed and eaten, and the skulls 
preserved as trophies. Some prominent anthropologists believe that hunter 
was true Man. Peking "man" must then have been simply a giant ape.
     Java Man is put together on the evidence of a femur (large leg bone), 
a skull cap, and three molar teeth.  These parts were found within a 50 
foot range, in a space of one year. Dr. Dubois, its discoverer, concealed 
for 30 years the fact that he found human skulls near his Java Man, and 
at the same level. So man was already there when this creature was alive. 
THe femur was probably from a human, and the skull cap was probably that 
of a giant ape. Before his death,and after he had convinced most of the 
early skeptics, Dubois changed his mind and decided that Java Man wa 
probably a giant gibbon and not a man-like at all.
     Neanderthal Man has a skeletal structure of modern man. His cranial 
capacity exceeded that of modern man. It was claimed that he lived as long 
as about 100,000 years ago, but all anthropologists now believe that he 
was just as human as you and I.
     Complete skeletons of the Cro-Magnons have been found. Their 
cranial capacity was greater that modern man's. If he were alive today, 
and if he were to walk down the street in a business suit, he would 
go completely unnoticed.
     Two of the most embarrassing so-called missing links for 
evolutionists, are the NEBRASKA MAN and the PILTDOWN MAN.
     At the famous Scopes evolution trial in Dayton, Tennessee, the 
NEBRASKA MAN evidence was presented by the leading scientific authorities 
of that day as proof of evolution. They scoffed and laughed at William 
Jennings Bryan, when he protested the scanty evidence.
     The evidence was that of a tooth that was supposed to have come from a 
prehistoric man who supposedly lived one million years ago. However, years 
later, when more fossils were unearthed, it was discovered that 
Nebraska Man was only a pig. I think this is a case where a pig made a 
monkey out of an evolutionist!
     In 1912 Charles Dawson brought forth the PILTDOWN MAN. A piece of 
skull was the evidence acclaimed by experts as that of an ape-man who was 
about a half million years old.  But in 1953 the hoax was 
exposed. The jawbone turned out to be that of a modern ape. The teeth had 
been filed down, and the bones were artificially colored to deceive the 
public. The ease with which this fraud fooled the world's greatest 
authorities illustrated the powerful influence of preconceived ideas among 
evolutionists.
     But in the August 1973 issues of Reader's Digest there was a report 
about two phenomenal discoveries which were recently made in Africa. 
These discoveries have shaken the anthropological world, because they 
challenge the validity of long cherished theories concerning the 
origin of man. One was the finding of a human skull, dated by evolutionists 
to be about 2.8 million years old. 
Most text books state that the first man did not evolve until around one 
million years ago. Yet the bones found are said to be even more modern 
that those of Pithecanthropus, our presumed man-like ancestor. Obviously 
these presumed ancestors cannot be man's true ancestors, for who ever 
heard of parents being younger that their children?
     The second was the finding of skeletons of sophisticated humans who 
are reputed to have lived 100,00 years ago. They had developed the art 
of mining, were able to keep records, count, and had also developed 
sophisticated tools. But according to the evolutionists this type of 
sophisticated humans was not supposed to have appeared on the scene until 
65,000 years later. 
     I personally heard Richard Leaky, the discoverer of the 2.8 
million year old man, speak in San Diego. In commenting on these two 
discoveries Mr. Leaky stated, "What we have discovered simply wipes out 
everything we have taught about human evolution, and I have nothing to 
offer in its place."
     Let us now consider the beginnings of life itself.
     By chance, nothingness developed into substance. That evolved into a 
very highly complex organization...without a designer.  Darwinists 
assume that life, or the primitive cell, arose by pure chance. For 
example, by chance some amino acids were formed. Then from these the 
necessary protein was formed.
     The first problem is that the rate of destruction of even 
relatively simple chemical compounds, such as amino acids, by ultraviolet 
light or electrical discharges far exceeds their rate of formation. No 
significant quantity would thus ever be produced.
     Another insuperable barrier is that these amino acids would have to 
be arranged in an exact sequence to form a protein...just like the 
letters in a sentence. Mere laws of chemistry and physics cannot do that.
     The probability of a protein of only 50 amino acids forming by chance 
would be 1/10 to the 65th power, or in layman language-
     100,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,
000,000,000,000,000 to ONE!
     Even the very simplest cell contains several thousand different 
kinds of proteins, and many billions of each kind, plus all kinds of 
DNA,RNA, and other highly complex molecules, along with many complex 
structures, arranged in an incredibly complex system.
     DNA and RNA are required to produce protein enzymes, but protein 
enzymes are required to produce DNA and RNA. Which, then, came first?
     Dr. N.W. Pirie of the Rothamstead Experimental Station at 
Harpenden, England, rejects this whole concept of spontaneous 
biogenesis simply on the well-founded fact that "complicated molecules 
such as proteins do not, in our scientific experience, arise 
spontaneously, even by stages. And all forms of life known today are 
dependent on protein."
     Dr. John Moore spoke during the annual session of the American 
Association for the Advancement of Science. He described the theory that 
man evolved from "amoeba and sea-slimes" as an "incredible religion," 
but not "science."
     Dr. John Moore stated: "Chromosome variation in animals 
does not correspond to predictions based on evolution theory. There is 
absolutely no pattern of increase of chromosome number from less complex 
to more complex, but this should take place if evolution were true. 
Furthermore, hereditary material in the genes of chromosomes shows great 
variation, frogs having more genetic material that do humans, which 
contradicts the theory of evolution. Darwinism is more illogical than 
biological."
     Professor Henry M. Morris has shown that the theory of evolution 
contradicts the universally accepted laws of thermodynamics.
     The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that all things left to 
themselves always tend to go from the complex to the simple, form the 
organized to the disorganized. Evolution would require just the 
opposite... the continually building up from the simplest to the more 
complex forms.
     I would now like for us to consider the complexity of the order 
and design of our planet and universe. In researching the size of 
the earth we discover that the mass and size of the earth are just right. 
If the earth's diameter  were 7,200 miles instead of 8,000, almost the 
whole earth, due to a lessening of its atmospheric mantle, would be 
reduced to a snow and ice waste.
     If there were a variation of only 10 percent, either in the 
increase or decrease of the size of our world, no life as we know it on 
earth would be possible!
     If the average temperature of the earth were raised but two or 
three degrees you could bid goodbye to many of the big cities of the 
earth, for the glaciers would melt, and that in turn would flood many of 
the big cities. this would also inundate hundreds of thousands of 
square miles of our most fertile lands. 
     The earth's axis, which now points toward the North Star, is 
tilted just right - at the strange angle of 23 degrees from the 
perpendicular, that is, in relation to the plane of its orbit. Because of 
this tilt the sun appears to go north in the summer and south in the 
winter, giving us four seasons in the temperate zone.
     For the same reason, there is twice as much of the land area of the 
earth that can be cultivated and inhabited as there would be if the 
sun were always over the equator, with no change of seasons. Think what 
would happen if the earth were tilted any other way than it is.
     We live miraculously on this planet, protected from eight killer 
rays from the sun, by a thin layer of ozone high up in our atmosphere.
     If that little belt of ozone, approximately forty miles up and only 
one eighth of an inch thick (if compressed), should suddenly drift 
into space, all life on earth would perish.
     The first miracle, in the light of what the rest of the universe is 
like, is that there IS an ocean here! In the universe as a whole, liquid 
water of any kind - sweet or salt - is an exotic rarity.  
     Contrary to common belief, the liquid state is exceptional in nature; 
most matter in the universe seems to consist either of flaming gases, as 
in the stars, or frozen solids drifting in the abyss of space.
     The amazing accuracy and smoothness with which the Universe 
revolves - as a flawless, perfect machine - can be seen in the 
perfection that characterizes the journey of our earth around the sun.  
It takes the earth 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes an 48 seconds to make its 
journey around the sun.  And in this circuit the earth has varied in only  
the slightest degree. None  but an infinite GOD could achieve such 
flawless, continuous PERFECTION. 
     I believe as GOD states in the Bible (Romans 1:20) that nature and 
creation itself reveals that there is a Creator.  We know that for every 
design there is a designer, and for every law there is a lawgiver.  "In 
the beginning God created" is still the most up-to-date statement on the 
origin of the universe and all that it contains.
     And now I would like to speak personally to you ... the reader of 
this little book.  God is revealed through His creation...but the 
greatest revelation God has given to man, He gave through His only 
begotten Son, Jesus Christ.  The Old Testament part of the Bible informs 
us that God made man in His own image and likeness, to be His sons.  Man, 
however rebelled against God.  We have all determined to go our own way 
and disregard our real Father.  Jesus Christ revealed that God dearly loves 
us, and that He sent Him to live among us briefly, and then to give 
His life as a ransom (a sacrifice) for our sins.
     We may now be reconciled to God... to eternal life with Him, by 
accepting forgiveness of our sins through Jesus.  That which is also 
necessary is that we repent (turn) from our sinning and live to please 
God.  All who refuse to accept God's love and forgiveness will receive 
terrible judgment.
     I urge you to make your peace with God today. Then read the Bible 
that you may grow in your new life. I suggest that you begin reading in 
the book of Luke in the New Testament. God bless you!